O conceito teórico "espaço para amamentar" retratado nas campanhas da semana mundial de aleitamento materno / El concepto teórico de "Espacio para amamantar" retratado en las campañas de la Semana Mundial de Lactancia Materna / The theoretical concept of "Breastfeeding space" portrayed in the World Breastfeeding Week campaigns

Objetivo: analisar como os espaços para amamentar são retratados nos cartazes da campanha nacional de aleitamento materno, à luz da Teoria Interativa da Amamentação. Método: estudo documental realizado em cinco etapas pelo referencial metodológico de Análise Semiótica de Imagens Paradas por Gemma Penn. Os materiais escolhidos como amostra foram as imagens temáticas das campanhas da Semana Mundial de Aleitamento Materno no Brasil. Resultados: observa-se que a maioria das mulheres estava amamentando em espaços públicos. Destaca-se a abordagem ao direito da mulher trabalhadora e aspectos referentes à pandemia da COVID-19. Conclusão: o espaço em que ocorre o processo de amamentação é retratado de forma diversa quanto ao ambiente físico. No que se refere ao conceito teórico "espaço para amamentar", que inclui os gestos, posturas e comportamento dos que o ocupam, as campanhas se mostraram limitadas.

Objective: to analyze how breastfeeding spaces are portrayed in the posters from the National Breastfeeding Campaign, in the light of the Interactive Theory of Breastfeeding. Method: a documentary study carried out in five stages using the Semiotic Analysis of Still Images methodological framework by Gemma Penn. The materials chosen as sample were the thematic images from the World Breastfeeding Week campaigns in Brazil. Results: it was observed that most of the women breastfed in public spaces. The approach to working women's rights and several aspects referring to the COVID-19 pandemic stand out. Conclusion: the space where the breastfeeding process takes place is portrayed in various ways in terms of the physical environment. With regard to the theoretical concept of "Breastfeeding space", which includes the gestures, postures and behaviors of those who occupy it, the campaigns proved to be limited.

Objetivo: analizar de qué manera se retratan los espacios para amamantar en los pósteres de la campaña nacional de lactancia materna, a la luz de la Teoría Interactiva de la Lactancia Materna. Método: estudio documental realizado en cinco etapas conforme al marco metodológico del Análisis Semiótico de Imágenes Fijas de Gemma Penn. Los materiales elegidos como muestra fueron las imágenes temáticas de las campañas de la Semana Mundial de Lactancia Materna en Brasil. Resultados: se observa que la mayoría de las mujeres amamantaba en espacios públicos. Se destacan el enfoque con respecto a los derechos de las mujeres trabajadoras y aspectos referentes a la pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusión: el espacio en el que tiene lugar el proceso de lactancia se retrata de diversas maneras en cuanto al ambiente físico. En lo que refiere al concepto teórico de "Espacio para amamantar", que incluye los gestos, las posturas y las conductas de quienes lo ocupan, las campañas demostraron ciertas limitaciones.

Subconjunto CIPE® para amamentação: validação de definições operacionais, diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções / Subconjunto CIPE® para lactancia: validación de definiciones operativas, diagnósticos, resultados e intervenciones / ICNP® subset for breastfeeding: validity of operational definitions, diagnoses, outcomes and interventions

Resumo Objetivo Descrever a construção e validação de conteúdo de definições operacionais e de enunciados de diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem contidos no Subconjunto da CIPE® para assistência à mulher, à criança e à família em processo de amamentação. Métodos Estudo metodológico realizado em duas etapas: construção de definições operacionais, diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem para assistência no processo de amamentação; validação com 37 juízes, selecionados por amostragem em bola de neve e por meio de busca na plataforma Lattes, que avaliaram 58 definições operacionais, 8 diagnósticos/resultados e 29 intervenções de enfermagem. Na análise dos dados utilizou-se o Índice de Concordância. Resultados Apenas quatro enunciados de diagnósticos de enfermagem e cinco intervenções do subconjunto em questão estão contidos na última versão da CIPE®. Das 58 definições operacionais, 54 foram validadas (93,1%), sendo 39 com Índice de Concordância ≥0,8 (67,2%); e 15 (25,8%) com Índice de Concordância entre ≥0,70 e <0,80. Conclusão Foram validadas 54 definições operacionais, 6 diagnósticos/resultados de enfermagem e 29 intervenções de enfermagem para compor o Subconjunto Terminológico da CIPE® para assistência ao processo de amamentação.

Resumen Objetivo Describir la construcción y validación de contenido de definiciones operativas y de enunciados de diagnósticos, resultados e intervenciones de enfermería contenidos en el Subconjunto de la CIPE® para la atención a la mujer, a las infancias y a la familia en proceso de lactancia. Métodos Estudio metodológico realizado en dos etapas: construcción de definiciones operativas, diagnósticos e intervenciones de enfermería para la atención en el proceso de lactancia; validación por 37 jueces seleccionados por muestreo de bola de nieve y mediante búsqueda en la plataforma Lattes, que evaluaron 58 definiciones operativas, 8 diagnósticos/resultados y 29 intervenciones de enfermería. En el análisis de datos se utilizó el Índice de Concordancia. Resultados Solo cuatro enunciados de diagnósticos de enfermería y cinco intervenciones del subconjunto en cuestión están incluidos en la última versión de la CIPE®. De las 58 definiciones operativas, 54 fueron validadas (93,1 %), de las cuales 39 tuvieron Índice de Concordancia ≥0,8 (67,2 %); y 15 (25,8 %) Índice de Concordancia entre ≥0,70 y <0,80. Conclusión Fueron validadas 54 definiciones operativas, 6 diagnósticos/resultados de enfermería y 29 intervenciones de enfermería para componer el Subconjunto Terminológico de la CIPE® para atención en el proceso de lactancia.

Abstract Objective To describe the construction and content validity of operational definitions and statements of nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions contained in an ICNP® subset for woman, child and family care in the breastfeeding process. Methods This is a methodological study carried out in two stages: construction of operational definitions, diagnoses and nursing interventions for assistance in the breastfeeding process; validity with 37 judges, selected by snowball sampling and through a search on the Plataforma Lattes, who assessed 58 operational definitions, 8 nursing diagnoses/outcomes and 29 nursing interventions. The Concordance Index was used for data analysis. Results Only four statements of nursing diagnoses and five interventions of the subset in question are contained in the latest version of ICNP®. Of the 58 operational definitions, 54 were validated (93.1%), 39 with a Concordance Index ≥0.8 (67.2%) and 15 (25.8%) with a Concordance Index between ≥0.70 and <0.80. Conclusion A total of 54 operational definitions, 6 nursing diagnoses/outcomes and 29 nursing interventions were validated to compose an ICNP® terminology subset for assistance in the breastfeeding process.

Evidence for the beneficial effect of ketamine in the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder with manifestations somatic resulting from reliving the trauma. The therapy for the treatment of PTSD has limitations, between reduced efficacy and "PTSD pharmacotherapeutic crisis". Scientific evidence has shown that the use of ketamine has benefits for the treatment of depressive disorders and other symptoms present in PTSD compared to other conventional therapies. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the available evidence on the effect of ketamine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress. The systematic review and the meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines and RevManager software, using randomized controlled trials and eligible studies of quality criteria for data extraction and analysis. The sample design evaluated included the last ten years, whose search resulted in 594 articles. After applying the exclusion criteria, 35 articles were selected, of which 14 articles were part of the sample, however, only six articles were selected the meta-analysis. The results showed that the ketamine is a promising drug in the management of PTSD with effect more evident performed after 24 h evaluated by MADRS scale. However, the main limitations of the present review demonstrate that more high-quality studies are needed to investigate the influence of therapy, safety, and efficacy.

Uso do laser de baixa potência como coadjuvante no tratamento de ferida venosa: estudo de caso / Use of low power laser as adjuvant in the treatment of venous wound: case study / Uso del láser de baja potencia como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la herida venosa: estudio de caso

Objetivo:Demonstrar os efeitos da lesarterapia de baixa potência como coadjuvante na assistência de enfermagem no tratamento de paciente com ferida vascular.Método:Trata-se de um estudode caso de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido no Ambulatório de Enfermagem em Estomaterapia da URCA. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2021 através do prontuário, registros de enfermeiros especialistas em estomaterapiacom vasta experiência. Após os dados coletados, forma descritosde forma transparente através do histórico de paciente, imagens da evolução da ferida e quadro contendo informações dos registros.Resultados:Paciente J.B.M. 66 anos, hipertenso, diabético, pesando 56 kg, com estatura de 1,69 m, IMC: 19,67, com histórico de AVC, problemas vasculares, tem amputação de membro inferior direito, e lesão de cunho venoso em membro inferior esquerdo em região tibial. Recebeu cuidados de enfermagem para cicatrização da ferida e melhora do estado de saúde, e como coadjuvante ao tratamento, utilizou-se o laser de baixa potência.Considerações finais: O uso do laser de baixa potência como coadjuvante no tratamento da ferida vascular se mostrou eficiente e trouxe bons resultados durante todo o tratamento. Este estudo também mostra a importância do enfermeiro no uso de novas tecnologias para o tratamento de ferida.

Objective:To demonstrate the effects of low-power laser therapy as an adjunct to nursing care in the treatment of patients with vascular wounds. Method:This is a case study of qualitative approach, developed at the Stomal Therapy Nursing Outpatient Clinic of URCA. Data collection occurred in the months of September and October 2021 through the medical record, nursing records and report/opinion of generalist and specialist nurses in stomal therapy. After the data collected, it was transparently described through patient history, images of wound evolution and chart containing information from the records. Results:Patient J.B.M. 66 years old, hypertensive, diabetic, weighing 56 kg, with height of 1.69 m, BMI: 19.67, with history of stroke, vascular problems, has amputation of the right lower limb, and venous injury in the left lower limb in tibial region. She received nursing care for wound healing and improvement of her health condition, and as an adjunct to treatment, the low power laser was used. Final considerations:The use of low power laser as an adjuvant in the treatment of vascular wound proved to be efficient and brought good results throughout the treatment. This study also shows the importance of nurses in the use of new technologies for wound care.

Objetivo:Demostrar los efectos de la terapia láser de baja potencia como complemento de los cuidados de enfermería en el tratamiento de pacientes con heridas vasculares. Método:Se trata de un estudio de caso de enfoque cualitativo, desarrollado en la Consulta Externa de Enfermería de Terapia Estomal de la URCA. La recopilación de datos se produjo en los meses de septiembre y octubre de 2021 a través del prontuario, los registros de enfermería y el relato/opinión de los enfermeros generales y especialistas en estomaterapia. Después de los datos recopilados, se describen de forma transparente a través del historial del paciente, imágenes de la evolución de la herida y el cuadro que contiene la información de los registros. Resultados:Paciente J.B.M. 66 años, hipertenso, diabético, con un peso de 56 kg, con estatura de 1,69 m, IMC: 19,67, con antecedentes de ictus, problemas vasculares, tiene amputación del miembro inferior derecho, y lesión venosa en el miembro inferior izquierdo en región tibial. Recibió cuidados de enfermería para la curación de la herida y la mejora del estado de salud, y como complemento al tratamiento se utilizó el láser de baja potencia. Consideraciones finales:El uso del láser de baja potencia como complemento al tratamiento de la herida vascular demostró ser eficaz y aportó buenos resultados a lo largo del tratamiento. Este estudio también muestra la importancia de las enfermeras en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías para el cuidado de las heridas.

Stolen innocence: Dishonor and taint in times of war.

As soon as they are taken prisoner, children and adolescents in times of war are inserted into a spiral of cruelty that progresses to rape or other countless forms of physical and psychological torture using sex as a weapon. Were these children and adolescents war sex slaves? Oral sex and other sexual barbarities are part of spaces of abuse and humiliation. The damage to the personality structure of these children and adolescents is severe. The psychological consequences are numerous. Over the years, a vicious circle has been observed around this brutality.

Vaccination for COVID-19 in children: Denialism or misinformation?

In the current pandemic scenario, vaccines for children have been scientifically approved; however, there is a challenge faced globally: parents' hesitation about vaccinating their children for COVID-19, which can hamper adherence to vaccine campaigns. This issue is due to the lack of information or access to fake news that affects the parents' power of judgment. The experience of the vaccine process with Pfizer's immunizer in several countries successfully reduced the number of hospitalized and prevented hundreds of child deaths from COVID-19. All health professionals must encourage the vaccination of children from the age of 5, sharing reliable scientific data, thus reducing the spread of fake news.

Anti-Inflammatory and Physicochemical Characterization of the Croton Rhamnifolioides Essential Oil Inclusion Complex in ß-Cyclodextrin.

Croton rhamnifolioides is used in popular medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of C. rhamnifolioides essential oil complexed in ß-cyclodextrin (COEFC). The physicochemical characterization of the complexes was performed using different physical methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo by ear edema, paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma, and vascular permeability by Evans blue extravasation. The mechanism of action was validated by molecular docking of the major constituent into the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 enzyme). All doses of the COEFC reduced acute paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran, as well as vascular permeability. Our results suggest the lowest effective dose of all samples inhibited the response induced by histamine or arachidonic acid as well as the granuloma formation. The complexation process showed that the pharmacological effects were maintained, however, showing similar results using much lower doses. The results demonstrated an involvement of the inhibition of pathways dependent on eicosanoids and histamine. Complexation of ß-cyclodextrin/Essential oil (ß-CD/EO) may present an important tool in the study of new compounds for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Ximenia americana L. enhances the antibiotic activity and inhibit the development of kinetoplastid parasites.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was evaluate the cytotoxic, leishmanicidal and tripanocidal activity, as well as to evaluate its antimicrobial and modulatory activity in association with different antibiotics of the hydroethanolic extract of the Ximenia Americana stem bark (EHXA). METHOD: In vitro tests against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania sp. and citotoxicity were performed. The evaluation of the antibacterial and bacterial resistance modulatory effect was given by the microdilution method. RESULTS: The chemical profile show different classes of compounds with significant presence of quercetrin and caffeic acid. The EHXA demonstrated activity only in the concentration of 1000 µg/mL against the L. infantum and L. brasiliensis promastigotes, causing mortality percentage of 40.66 and 27.62%, respectively. The extract presented a significant toxicity only in the concentration of 1000 µg/mL, causing a mortality of 55.42% of fibroblasts. The antibacterial activity of the EHXA demonstrated a MIC value ≥1024 µg/mL against all the tested bacteria. However, in the modulation assay with EHXA in association with different antibiotics the extract had a synergistic effect against S. aureus strains when associated with norfloxacin. CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation demonstrate for the first time the chemical composition of the hydroethanolic extract of the Ximenia Americana stem bark, your potential antiparasitic and modulatory effect. The low cytotoxic and biological potential against S. aureus open therapeutic perspectives against leishmaniosis and bacterial infections.

Phytochemical profile and mechanisms involved in the anti-nociception caused by the hydroethanolic extract obtained from Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K. Schum (Jenipapo-bravo) leaves in mice.

Tocoyena formosa, a small ornamental tree growing in the dry regions of central Brazil, is commonly known as 'genipapo do bravo'. This is a medicinal plant traditionally used as an analgesic for rheumatic pain, lower back pain and myalgia, however its use is carried out without scientific evidence, which thus justifies the development of studies to investigate and prove its therapeutic potential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schlecht.) K. Schum (TFLHE) and the mechanisms involved in its anti-nociceptive effect. The TFLHE revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin and luteolin. The TFLHE at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg significantly decreased acetic acid-induced abdominal contortions, the reaction time for the formalin test in both phases and increased the paw withdrawal time in the hot plate thermal stimulus test. The 200mg/kg dose also significantly inhibited the plantar mechanical hyperalgesia intensity induced by formalin within 24h. TREATMENT: with the TFLHE did not cause significant changes in motor performance and coordination in the Rota Rod test. The investigation on the possible mechanism of antinociceptive action of TFLHE indicates the involvement of opioid, glutamatergic, nitric oxide/cGMP and vanilloid systems. It is concluded that the TFLHE has an antinociceptive effect promoted by the aforementioned mechanisms.

Anti-edematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil from Croton rhamnifolioides leaves and its major constituent 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol).

The species Croton rhamnifolioides, belonging to the Croton genus, is known in ethnomedicine as "quebra faca" and is used in the treatment of stomach pain, vomiting and fever. This study aims to evaluate the anti-edematogenic and anti-inflammatory effect of Croton rhamnifolioides leaf essential oil (OEFC) and its major constituent: 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol). The essential oil was extracted from fresh leaves through a hydrodistillation system. The chemical analysis was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The acute anti-inflammatory activity was determined from the models of: ear edema by the single application of croton oil, paw edema induced by: carrageenan, dextran, histamine and arachidonic acid, while vascular permeability was determined by Evans blue extravasation and chronic anti-inflammatory activity by granuloma induction using the implantation of cotton pellets. The GC-MS results identified and quantified 11 constituents, with the major component being 1,8-cineole (41.33%). The OEFC (20mg/mL) and 1,8-cineole (8.26mg/mL) significantly reduced the edema induced by croton oil by 42.1 and 34.9%, respectively. The OEFC (25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg) and 1,8-cineole (10.33, 20.66, 41.33 and 82.66mg/kg) statistically reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran as well as vascular permeability (protein extravasation). The OEFC (25mg/kg) and 1,8-cineole (10.33mg/kg) demonstrated efficacy in reducing edema induced by histamine and arachidonic acid and granuloma. In conclusion, the OEFC and 1,8-cineole have anti-inflammatory activity in the acute and chronic phase, suggesting therapeutic potential as a source for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.

Murraya paniculata (L.) (Orange Jasmine): Potential Nutraceuticals with Ameliorative Effect in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae), is a plant from India widely used in folk medicine as antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant. Although oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin are the mainstays of treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), there is a significant demand for new natural products to reduce the development of diabetic complications. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated for 60 days with a hydroalcoholic extract of M. paniculata (MPE), at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. MPE decreased glycemia and also cholesterol and triglyceride levels, starting 1 week after treatments, as compared with the same group before treatments. Glucose values were reduced toward normality after 1 week of treatment. MPE hypoglycemic effects were potentiated by glibenclamide and metformin. MPE also decreased fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin values. MPE reduced diabetes-induced morphological alterations of the kidney, pancreas, and liver. MPE acts similarly to glibenclamide and metformin, and its glucose-lowering action is partly a consequence of ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibition. MPE may be a potential therapeutic alternative for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Gastroprotective effect and mechanism of action of Croton rhamnifolioides essential oil in mice.

BACKGROUND: Croton rhamnifolioides Pax is a plant species that have been used in the folk medicine to treat ulcers, inflammations and hypertension. However, despite the relevant data obtained from ethnopharmacological studies, the pharmacological properties endorsing the efficacy of this plant to treat ulcer remain to be elucidated. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: The present study aimed to characterize the chemical profile and evaluate the gastroprotective activity of the essential oil obtained from C. rhamnifolioides Pax (OECC) in mice. METHODS: The essential oil of Croton rhamnifolioides was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas-phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The median lethal dose was determined employing an acute toxicity test. The gastroprotective activity of the OECC was investigated using animal models of gastric ulcer induced by the administration of absolute ethanol, acidified ethanol or indomethacin. Mechanisms of action were investigated using the physical barrier test and by in vivo evaluation of the involvement of the following molecular pathways: nitric oxide, ATP - dependent potassium channels, α2 - noradrenergic receptors, capsaicin - sensitive afferent neurons and opioid receptor. RESULTS: We identified the presence of 21 compounds in OECC, including spathulenol and 1,8 - cineole as major constituents. In orally administered mice, OECC caused no significant toxicity. OECC significantly prevented gastric lesions in all mice models. The barrier test demonstrated that the gastroprotective activity of OECC occurs in a systemic dimension. Our results demonstrated that the gastroprotective effect of OECC involves mechanisms that are related to modulation of opioid receptors and nitric oxide. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, OECC demonstrated significant gastroprotective activity associated with low toxicity, providing scientific evidences that C. rhamnifolioides have the potential for the development of new antiulcer drugs.

Anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil obtained from Ocimum basilicum complexed with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) in mice.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides can enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Ocimum basilicum is an aromatic plant found in Brazil used in culinary. The essential oil of this plant presents anti-edematogenic and anti-inflammatory activities in acute and chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil obtained from O. basilicum complexed with ß - cyclodextrin (OBEO/ß-CD) in mice. The complexation with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) was performed by different methods and analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using mice models of paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine and arachidonic acid (AA); vascular permeability and peritonitis induced by carrageenan and granuloma induced by cotton block introduction. The DSC, TG and SEM analysis indicated that the OBEO was successfully complexed with ß-CD. The oral administration of OEOB/ß-CD prevented paw edema formation by decreasing vascular permeability in vivo, inhibited leukocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity, and inhibited granuloma formation in mice. Our results indicate that conjugation with ß-CD improves the anti-inflammatory effects of OBEO in mice models of acute and chronic inflammation, indicating that this complex can be used in anti-inflammatory drug development.

Gastroprotective and ulcer healing effects of hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Caryocar coriaceum: Mechanisms involved in the gastroprotective activity.

This work aimed to determine the chemical fingerprint of hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Caryocar coriaceum (HELCC) and the gastroprotective activity. The chemical fingerprint of HELCC was analyzed by HPLC-DAD, to quantify total phenols and flavonoids were carried out by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride assay, while in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH method. The methods used to determine pharmacological activity were: gastroprotective screening test in classical models of induced acute and chronic gastric lesions and physical barrier test. Further assays were performed to demonstrate the involvement of NO, prostaglandins, ATP-dependent potassium channels, TRPV, noradrenergic α2 receptors, histamines, and opioids. The DPPH method demonstrated the antioxidant activity of the extract, in vitro, explained by the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. Oral administration of the extract, previously dissolved in deionized water, at a dose of 100 mg/kg decreased the lesions induced by indomethacin, acidified ethanol, ethanol and acetic acid by 75.0, 72.8, 69.4 and 86.2% respectively. It was demonstrated that opioid receptors, α2-adrenergic receptors and primary afferent neurons sensitive to capsaicin were involved in the mechanism of gastric protection, in addition to the contribution of NO and prostaglandins. The results show that extract is a promising candidate for the treatment of gastric ulcers.

Anti-inflammatory and antiedematogenic activity of the Ocimum basilicum essential oil and its main compound estragole: In vivo mouse models.

The genus Ocimum are used in cooking, however, their essential oils are utilized in traditional medicine as aromatherapy. The present study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition and systemic anti-inflammatory activity of the Ocimum basilicum essential oil (EOOB) and its major component estragole, as well as its possible mechanisms of action. The Ocimum basilicum essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory action was verified using acute and chronic in vivo tests as paw edema, peritonitis, and vascular permeability and granulomatous inflammation model. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of action was analyzed by the participation of histamine and arachidonic acid pathways. The chemical profile analysis identified fourteen components present in the essential oil, within them: estragole (60.96%). The in vivo test results show that treatment with EOOB (100 and 50 mg/kg) and estragole (60 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran. The smallest doses of EOOB (50 mg/kg) and estragole (30 mg/kg) showed efficacy in the reduction of paw edema induced by histamine and arachidonic acid, vascular permeability inhibition and leukocyte emigration in the peritoneal fluid. Theses doses were capable of reducing the chronic inflammatory process. The results observed between the EOOB and estragole demonstrate efficacy in anti-inflammatory activity, however, the essential oil is more efficacious in the acute and chronic anti-inflammatory action. This study confirms the therapeutic potential of this plant and reinforces the validity of its use in popular medicine.